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Comic book is a literary medium which communicates via images. It has been part of Indonesian culture since a long time. Back to the 9th century, reliefs of Borobudur temple are proves of the early comic culture in Indonesia. Nadja Maleh Auszug aus dem aktuellen Kabarettsolo Jackpot aufgenommen am 18.4.2013 Orpheum Wien Info´s zu Nadja Maleh Die in Wien lebende Tochter eines Syrers und einer Tirolerin hatte nach ihrer.
Pengaruh Golok Setan membuat Mandala 'Si Siluman Sungai Ular' berbalik 180 derajat, dari seorang Pahlawan menjadi Buronan paling dicari. Semua sahabat Mandala seperti Kupra 'Tinju Gledeg', Prawira, Batara, Ratih Harum, Soma dan lainnya turut membantu dalam pencarian Mandala.Bagaimana nasib Mandala?
Apakah dia harus dibunuh? Bila Batara alias Pendekar Lengan Tunggal yang Pengaruh Golok Setan membuat Mandala 'Si Siluman Sungai Ular' berbalik 180 derajat, dari seorang Pahlawan menjadi Buronan paling dicari. Semua sahabat Mandala seperti Kupra 'Tinju Gledeg', Prawira, Batara, Ratih Harum, Soma dan lainnya turut membantu dalam pencarian Mandala.Bagaimana nasib Mandala? Apakah dia harus dibunuh? Bila Batara alias Pendekar Lengan Tunggal yang amat sakti saja, tidak mampu menandingi kehebatan Mandala, kepada siapa lagi para penegak keadilan menaruh harapan?
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Painting of Manjuvajra mandalaA mandala (emphasis on first syllable; मण्डल, maṇḍala – literally 'circle') is a spiritual and/or ritual geometric configuration of symbols or a map (in Shintoism) in the of, or Japanese religion of representing deities, or in the case of Shintoism, paradises, or actual shrines. In modern, typically American use, 'mandala' has become a generic term for any diagram, chart or geometric pattern that represents the metaphysically or symbolically; a of the, though it originally meant to represent wholeness and a model for the organizational structure of life itself—a cosmic diagram that shows us our relation to the infinite, the world that extends beyond and within our minds and bodies.The basic form of most mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a. Each gate is in the general shape of a T. Mandalas often have radial.The term appears in the as the name of the sections of the work, and use mandalas such as the mandala to this day. Mandalas are also used in Buddhism.In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for establishing a and as an aid to and induction. Mandala of Religious meaning A is similar to a mandala, usually smaller and using a more limited colour palette.
It may be a two- or three-dimensional geometric composition used in, puja or meditative rituals, and may incorporate a into its design. It is considered to represent the abode of the deity. Each yantra is unique and calls the deity into the presence of the practitioner through the elaborate symbolic geometric designs. According to one scholar, 'Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths and as instructional charts of the spiritual aspect of human experience'Many situate yantras as central focus points for Hindu tantric practice. Yantras are not representations, but are lived, experiential, realities. As Khanna describes:Despite its cosmic meanings a yantra is a reality lived. Because of the relationship that exists in the between the outer world (the macrocosm) and man's inner world (the microcosm), every symbol in a yantra is ambivalently resonant in inner–outer synthesis, and is associated with the subtle body and aspects of human consciousness.
Political meaning. Main articles:, andThe (or Raja-mandala; circle of states) was formulated by the author in his work on politics, the (written between 4th century BCE and 2nd century BCE). It describes circles of friendly and enemy states surrounding the king's state.In historical, social and political sense, the term 'mandala' is also employed to denote traditional (such as federation of kingdoms or vassalized states). It was adopted by 20th century Western historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term 'state' in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian polities not conform to Chinese and European views of a territorially defined state with fixed borders and a bureaucratic apparatus, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration. Empires such as, and are known as 'mandala' in this sense.Buddhism.
Main article:In Buddhism, mandalas have been developed also into. They are also a key part of meditation practices.Visualisation of Vajrayana teachings The mandala can be shown to represent in visual form the core essence of the teachings. The mind is 'a microcosm representing various divine powers at work in the universe.' The mandala represents the nature of the Pure Land, Enlightened mind.An example of this type of mandala is a silk tapestry woven with gilded paper depicting lavish elements like crowns and jewelry, which gives a three-dimensional effect to the piece.
Mount Meru A mandala can also represent the entire universe, which is traditionally depicted with as the in the center, surrounded by the continents. One example is the, a from the that serves as a diagram of the Tibetan cosmology, which was given to China from Nepal and Tibet. Wisdom and impermanence In the mandala, the outer circle of fire usually symbolises wisdom. The ring of eight represents the exhortation to be always mindful of death, and the impermanence with which is suffused: 'such locations were utilized in order to confront and to realize the transient nature of life'. Described elsewhere: 'within a flaming rainbow nimbus and encircled by a black ring of, the major outer ring depicts the eight great charnel grounds, to emphasize the dangerous nature of human life'. Inside these rings lie the walls of the mandala palace itself, specifically a place populated by deities and.Five Buddhas One well-known type of mandala is the mandala of the 'Five Buddhas', archetypal Buddha forms embodying various aspects of enlightenment.
Such Buddhas are depicted depending on the school of, and even the specific purpose of the mandala. A common mandala of this type is that of the (a.k.a. Five ), the Buddhas,. When paired with another mandala depicting the, this forms the.Practice. Tantric mandala ofMandalas are commonly used by tantric Buddhists as an aid to meditation.The mandala is 'a support for the meditating person', something to be repeatedly contemplated to the point of saturation, such that the image of the mandala becomes fully internalised in even the minutest detail and can then be summoned and contemplated at will as a clear and vivid visualized image. With every mandala comes what Tucci calls 'its associated liturgy.
Contained in texts known as ', instructing practitioners on how the mandala should be drawn, built and visualised, and indicating the to be recited during its ritual use.By visualizing 'pure lands', one learns to understand experience itself as pure, and as the abode of enlightenment. The protection that we need, in this view, is from our own minds, as much as from external sources of confusion. In many tantric mandalas, this aspect of separation and protection from the outer samsaric world is depicted by 'the four outer circles: the purifying fire of wisdom, the circle, the circle with the eight tombs, the lotus circle'. Created at the on the occasion of the visit in May 2008A 'mandala offering' in is a symbolic offering of the entire universe. Every intricate detail of these mandalas is fixed in the tradition and has specific symbolic meanings, often on more than one level.Whereas the above mandala represents the pure surroundings of a Buddha, this mandala represents the universe. This type of mandala is used for the mandala-offerings, during which one symbolically offers the universe to the Buddhas or to one's teacher. Within Vajrayana practice, 1,000,000 of these mandala offerings (to create merit) can be part of the preliminary practices before a student even begins actual tantric practices.
This mandala is generally structured according to the model of the universe as taught in a Buddhist classic text the, with at the centre, surrounded by the continents, oceans and mountains, etc.Shingon Buddhism One Japanese branch of Mahayana Buddhism— Buddhism—makes frequent use of mandalas in its rituals as well, though the actual mandalas differ. When Shingon's founder, returned from his training in China, he brought back two mandalas that became central to Shingon ritual: the and the.These two mandalas are engaged in the initiation rituals for new Shingon students, more commonly known as the Kechien Kanjō (結縁灌頂). A common feature of this ritual is to blindfold the new initiate and to have them throw a flower upon either mandala. Where the flower lands assists in the determination of which the initiate should follow., as found in Tibetan Buddhism, are not practiced in Shingon Buddhism.Nichiren Buddhism The mandala in is called a moji-mandala (文字曼陀羅) and is a paper or wooden tablet whose inscription consists of and representing elements of the Buddha's, protective Buddhist deities, and certain Buddhist concepts.
Called the, it was originally inscribed by, the founder of this branch of, during the late 13th Century. The Gohonzon is the primary object of veneration in some Nichiren schools and the only one in others, which consider it to be the supreme object of worship as the embodiment of the supreme and Nichiren's inner enlightenment. The seven characters, considered to be the name of the supreme Dharma, as well as the that believers chant, are written down the center of all Nichiren-sect Gohonzons, whose appearance may otherwise vary depending on the particular school and other factors.Pure Land Buddhism Mandalas have sometimes been used in to graphically represent, based on descriptions found in the and the.
The most famous mandala in Japan is the, dated to about 763 CE. The Taima mandala is based on the Contemplation Sutra, but other similar mandalas have been made subsequently. Unlike mandalas used in Buddhism, it is not used as an object of meditation or for esoteric ritual. Instead, it provides a visual representation of the Pure Land texts, and is used as a teaching aid. Also in Buddhism, and his descendant, sought a way to create easily accessible objects of reverence for the lower-classes of Japanese society. Shinran designed a mandala using a hanging scroll, and the words of the (南無阿彌陀佛) written vertically. This style of mandala is still used by some Buddhists in home altars, or.Mesoamerican civilizations Mayan Tzolk'in.
Mayan wheel from 498 AD.One of several parallels between Eastern and cultures, the civilization tended to present calendars in a form similar to a mandala. It is similar in form and function to the (Wheel of Time) sand paintings of Tibetan Buddhists.
The tzolk'in wheel has 260 segments, surprising because the Mayans recognized that the calendar year is 365 days long. The inclusion of the specific number 260 could however relate to the 26,000 year cycle of the precession of the equinoxes. If so, this would indicate a remarkable awareness of these great cycles of time by this culture. Ultimately, the symbol was probably used for ritual purposes, and to measure the interval of a number of 9-month intervals like pregnancy, the cultivation time of some crops, and rituals that were performed at a 260-day spacing each year, for example, spring and fall.This Mayan symbology has even made its way into symbolism as the calendar, developed.
Sometimes described as an authentic Mayan mandala, it is 'inspired by' elements of the Tzolk'in wheel of time.Aztec Sun Stone. The Aztec Sun Stone as an print.The of the Aztec civilization was once believed to be their equivalent of a Tzolk'in calendar, but is now thought to be a ceremonial representation of the entire universe as seen by the Aztec religious class, in some ways resembling “mandala.”The earliest interpretations of the stone relate to its use as a calendar. In 1792, two years after the stone's unearthing, Mexican anthropologist wrote a treatise on the Aztec calendar using the stone as its basis. Some of the circles of are the glyphs for the days of the month. The four symbols included in the Ollin glyph represent the four past suns that the Mexica believed the earth had passed through.Another aspect of the stone is its religious significance.
One theory is that the face at the center of the stone represents, the Aztec deity of the sun. It is for this reason that the stone became known as the 'Sun Stone.'
Richard Townsend proposed a different theory, claiming that the figure at the center of the stone represents, the Mexica earth deity who features in Mexica creation myths. Modern archaeologists, such as those at the in Mexico City, believe it is more likely to have been used primarily as a ceremonial basin or ritual altar for than as an astrological or astronomical reference.Yet another characteristic of the stone is its possible geographic significance.
The four points may relate to the four corners of the earth or the cardinal points. The inner circles may express space as well as time.Lastly, there is the political aspect of the stone. It may have been intended to show as the center of the world and therefore, as the center of authority. Townsend argues for this idea, claiming that the small glyphs of additional dates amongst the four previous suns—1 Flint ( Tecpatl), 1 Rain ( Atl), and 7 Monkey ( Ozomahtli)—represent matters of historical importance to the Mexica state.
He posits, for example, that 7 Monkey represents the significant day for the cult of a community within Tenochtitlan. His claim is further supported by the presence of Mexica ruler 's name on the work. These elements ground the Stone's iconography in history rather than myth and the legitimacy of the state in the cosmos. Christianity. The at the site of the supervised byForms which are evocative of mandalas are prevalent in Christianity: the; the; the; the;; the;; the; and the on the floor of. The dromenon represents a journey from the outer world to the inner sacred centre where the Divine is found.The, including that at, are geometric mandala-like designs from thirteenth century Italy. The Great Pavement at Westminster Abbey is believed to embody divine and cosmic geometries as the seat of enthronement of the monarchs of England.Similarly, many of the Illuminations of can be used as mandalas, as well as many of the images of, as in Christian, Christian, and.Alchemist, and developed a geometric symbol which he called the 'Seal of God' manifesting a universal geometric order which incorporated the names of the, derived from earlier forms of the clavicula salomonis.
The Seal of God; a mystic symbol composed by Dee, an early 17th-century marble mural funerary monument at the, is a rare example of Christian iconography absorbing alchemical symbolism to create a mandala in Western funerary art.Mandalas in Persian art In Persian Islamic theosophy, each of us is a part of God. We have been separated from our source like the rays of the sun and, we need to always keep in our mind that we have a divine light in us, which is the source of love. This light always shows us the right path to grow and find our way back to our source. Therefore, in Persian Shamseh motif which symbolizes the sun, there is a center which is the symbol of god or the source of energy. This small circle is surrounded by many other circles or polygons with the same center but in different sizes. These circles are the light rays of the sun which symbolize every god's creature.
Every creature tends to reach God, so the purpose of life is to reach back the source of energy which is mentioned as pure love in some references. Some of us are closer to our origin, while some of us have a long journey to reach it. As in Shamseh, some circles are smaller, therefore, closer to the center.
Shamseh motif was wildly applied during Safavid time in Iran. Safavid was one of the most important ruling dynasties of Iran in art, architecture, astrology, philosophy, and theosophy. An extraordinary example of Shamseh motif would be the tiling of the ceiling of Sheik Lotfollah mosque in Isfahan. Persian 'Shamseh' motif painted on a copper plate. The art of hand painting and enameling is called 'Meenakari' in Farsi.
Western psychological interpretations According to art therapist and mental health counselor Susanne F. Fincher, we owe the re-introduction of mandalas into modern Western thought to, the Swiss analytical psychologist. In his pioneering exploration of the unconscious through his own art making, Jung observed the motif of the circle spontaneously appearing. The circle drawings reflected his inner state at that moment.
Familiarity with the philosophical writings of India prompted Jung to adopt the word 'mandala' to describe these circle drawings he and his patients made. In his autobiography, Jung wrote:I sketched every morning in a notebook a small circular drawing. Which seemed to correspond to my inner situation at the time. Only gradually did I discover what the mandala really is. The Self, the wholeness of the personality, which if all goes well is harmonious. — Carl Jung, pp.
195–196.Jung recognized that the urge to make mandalas emerges during moments of intense personal growth. Their appearance indicates a profound re-balancing process is underway in the psyche. The result of the process is a more complex and better integrated personality.The mandala serves a conservative purpose—namely, to restore a previously existing order. But it also serves the creative purpose of giving expression and form to something that does not yet exist, something new and unique.
The process is that of the ascending spiral, which grows upward while simultaneously returning again and again to the same point. In archaeology One of the most intense archaeological discoveries in recent years that could redefine the history of eastern thought and tradition of mandala is the discovery of five giant mandalas in the valley of made with Google Earth imagery. Located in the paddy field in the west of, the capital of Manipur, the Maklang geoglyph is perhaps the world's largest mandala built entirely of mud. The site wasn't discovered until 2013 as its whole structure could only be visible via Google Earth satellite imagery.
The whole paddy field, locally known as, is now protected and announced as historical monument and site by the government of Manipur in the same year. The site is situated 12 km aerial distance from with the GPS coordinates of 24° 48' N and 93° 49' E. It covers a total area of around 224,161.45 square meters. This square mandala has four similar protruding rectangular ‘gates’ in the cardinal directions guarded each by similar but smaller rectangular ‘gates’ on the left and right. Within the square there is an eight petalled flower or rayed-star, recently called as Maklang ‘Star fort’ by the locals, in the centre covering a total area of around 50,836.66 square meters. The discovery of other five giant mandalas in the valley of Manipur is also made with Google Earth. The five giant mandalas, viz., Sekmai mandala, Heikakmapal mandala, Phurju twin mandalas and Sangolmang mandala are located on the western bank of the Iril River.
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In architecture. Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandalaoften applied mandala as the blueprint or plan to design Buddhist structures, including and stupas. A notable example of mandala in architecture is the 9th century in Central Java, Indonesia. It is built as a large surrounded by smaller ones arranged on terraces formed as a, and when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. Other temples from the same period that also have mandala plans include,. Similar mandala designs are also observable in Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar.In science. Phylogenetic tree of (insects and their six-legged relatives).
Such trees have been called phylogenetic mandalas.Circular diagrams are often used in, especially for the graphical representation of phylogenetic relationships. Often encompass numerous species that are conveniently shown on a circular tree, with images of the species shown on the periphery of a tree. Such diagrams have been called phylogenetic mandalas. In contemporary use Fashion designer designed an interactive art installation called Mandala of Desires (Blue Lotus Wish Tree) made in peace silk and eco friendly textile ink, displayed at the in Shanghai in November 2015. The pattern of the dress was based on the Goloka Yantra mandala, shaped as a lotus with eight petals.
Visitors were invited to place a wish on the sculpture dress, which will be taken to India and offered to a genuine living. Gallery.
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